Ukwabiwa kwi-Stack

Kutheni uLwabiwo lweSitaki lusebalulekile kubuNjineli beSoftwe yeMihla

Ngalo lonke ixesha isicelo sakho siqhuba isicelo, sisenza utshintsho, okanye sifowunela umsebenzi, kwenziwa isigqibo esithe cwaka emva kwemiboniso: kufuneka ihlale phi le datha kwinkumbulo? Kangangamashumi eminyaka, ulwabiwo lwestaki luye lweyona ndlela ikhawulezayo, eyona ndlela ibonakalayo yokukhumbula ekhoyo kubaqulunqi benkqubo-kodwa ihlala ingaqondwa ngokubanzi. Ngexesha lexesha elilawulwayo, abaqokeleli benkunkuma, kunye nezakhiwo ze-cloud-native, ukuqonda ukuba njani kwaye nini ukwabiwa kwi-stack kunokuthetha ukungafani phakathi kwesicelo esiphatha abasebenzisi be-10,000 kunye nabasebenzi abangaphantsi kwe-500. EMewayz, apho iqonga lethu likhonza ngaphezu kwe-138,000 imodyuli yemodyuli ye-modules edibeneyo ye-microcond, i-20 ye-modules ehlanganisiweyo yolawulo lwe-microcond, i-20 ye-microcond imemori ye-20.

Imfumba vs. Imfumba: URhwebo oluSisiseko

Inkumbulo kwiindawo ezininzi zocwangciso yahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini aphambili: istaki kunye nemfumba. I-stack isebenza njengendawo yokugqibela, yokuqala yokuphuma (LIFO) yedatha. Xa umsebenzi ubizwa, "isakhelo" esitsha sityhalelwa kwisitaki esiqulethe iinguqu zasekuhlaleni, iidilesi zokubuyisela, kunye neeparamitha zomsebenzi. Xa lo msebenzi ubuya, sonke isakhelo siyacinywa ngoko nangoko. Akukho kukhangelwa, akukho kugcinwa kweencwadi, akukho kuqhekeka — luhlengahlengiso nje lwesalathisi esinye.

Imfumba, ngokuchaseneyo, lichibi elikhulu lenkumbulo apho ulwabiwo kunye nonikezelo lunokwenzeka kuyo nayiphi na indlela. Oku bhetyebhetye kuza kwiindleko: umenzi-mali kufuneka alandele ukuba zeziphi iibhloko ezikhululekile, ukuphatha ukuhlukana, kwaye kwiilwimi ezininzi, uthembele kumqokeleli wenkunkuma ukuba abuyisele imemori engasetyenziswanga. Ulwabiwo lwemfumba kwinkqubo eqhelekileyo ye-C luthatha malunga ne-10 ukuya kuma-20 ubude kunolwabiwo lwemfumba. Kwiilwimi eziqokelelwe inkunkuma ezifana neJava okanye iC#, i-overhead inokuba phezulu nangakumbi xa kunqumama ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma kubalwa kuyo.

Ukuluqonda olu rhwebelwano asikokufunda nje. Xa usakha isoftware eqhuba amawaka entengiselwano ngomzuzwana - nokuba yinjini ye-invoyisi, ideshibhodi yohlalutyo lwexesha lokwenyani, okanye iCRM ephethe uthungelwano oluninzi oluphuma ngaphandle - ukukhetha isicwangciso esilungileyo solwabiwo kwiindlela ezishushu kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo amaxesha okuphendula kunye neendleko zeziseko.

Sisebenza Njani Ulwabiwo Lwesitaki

Kumgangatho wehardware, uninzi lweprosesa yezakhiwo lunikezela irejista (isalathisi esipakishiweyo) ukulandelela umphezulu wangoku wesitaki. Ukwabela inkumbulo kwisitaki kulula njengokunciphisa esi salathisi ngenani elifunekayo leebhayithi. Ukwahlulahlulwa kukubuyisela umva: nyusa isalathisi. Akukho zihloko zemetadata, akukho luhlu lwasimahla, akukho manyano lweebhloko ezikufutshane. Yiyo loo nto ulwabiwo lwesitaki luhlala luchazwa njengolune-O(1) yokusebenza kwexesha elingatshintshiyo kunye nentloko engaphezulu engahoywanga.

Qwalasela umsebenzi obala itotali yomgca we-invoyisi. Isenokuchaza izinto ezimbalwa eziguquguqukayo zasekuhlaleni: inani elipheleleyo, ixabiso lexabiso leyunithi, ukudada komlinganiselo werhafu, kunye nesiphumo sokudada. Omane amaxabiso atyhalelwa kwisitaki xa umsebenzi ungenisiwe kwaye ubuyiselwa ngokuzenzekelayo xa uphuma. Umjikelo wobomi uphela uxhomekeke kwaye ufuna ukungabikho ungenelelo kumdwelisi wenkqubo okanye umqokeleli wenkunkuma.

Ukuqonda okungundoqo: Ulwabiwo lwesitaki alukhawulezanga nje — lunokucingeleka. Kwiinkqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni, ukuqikelela kudla ngokubaluleka ngaphezu kwesantya esikrwada. Umsebenzi ogqibezela kwii-microseconds ezi-2 uxabiseke ngakumbi kunomnye okwi-avareji ye-microsecond e-1 kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ujikela kwii-microseconds eziyi-50 ngenxa yokunqumama kokuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma.

Nina Ukuthanda uLwabiwo lweSitaki

Ayizizo zonke iinkcukacha ezikuluhlu. Inkumbulo yesitaki ilinganiselwe (ngokwesiqhelo phakathi kwe-1 MB kunye ne-8 MB ngentambo nganye, ngokuxhomekeke kwinkqubo yokusebenza), kunye nedatha eyabelwe isitaki ayinakuphila ngaphandle komsebenzi oyidalileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iimeko ezicacileyo apho ukwabiwa kwezitaki lolona khetho luphezulu.

• Iinguqu zasekuhlaleni zexesha elifutshane: Izibali, iziqokeleli, izithinteli zexeshana phantsi kweekhilobhayithi ezimbalwa, kunye nezalathisi zelophu zizinto zendalo ezilungele isitaki. Ziyadalwa, zisetyenziswe, kwaye zilahlwe kumda womsebenzi omnye.
• Izakhiwo zedatha ye-Fixed-size: Ii-arrays ezinobungakanani bexesha lokuqokelela, i-structs encinci, kunye neentlobo zexabiso zingafakwa kwi-stack ngaphandle komngcipheko wokuphuphuma. I-256-byte buffer yokufomatha umtya womhla ngumgqatswa ogqibeleleyo.
• I-Performance-critical inner loops: Xa umsebenzi ubizwa ngokuba zizigidi zamaxesha ngomzuzwana — njengenjini yokubala ixabiso eliphindaphindayo kwiikhathalogu zemveliso — ukususa ulwabiwo lwemfumba kumzimba welophu kunokuvelisa i-3x ukuya kwi-10x yophuculo lwemveliso.
• Iindlela zexesha lokwenyani okanye ezibambekayo: Ukusetyenzwa kwentlawulo, uhlaziyo lwedeshbhodi ephilayo, kunye nesaziso esithumela yonke inzuzo ekuphepheni ukunqumama kokuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma okungamiselwanga.
• Ii-algorithms eziphindaphindayo ezinobunzulu obubotshiweyo: Ukuba unokuqinisekisa ubunzulu be-recursion buhlala ngaphakathi kwemida ekhuselekileyo, izakhelo ezabiweyo zigcina imisebenzi ephindaphindwayo ngokukhawuleza kwaye kulula.

Eziqhelweni, abaqulunqi bangoku balunge ngokumangalisayo ekulungiseleleni ukusetyenziswa kwezitaki. Ubuchwephesha obunjengohlalutyo lokubaleka kwi-Go kunye ne-Java's JIT compiler inokuhambisa ngokuzenzekelayo ulwabiwo lwemfumba kwisitaki xa umqokeleli engqina ukuba idatha ayibaleki kumda womsebenzi. Ukuqonda olu lungiselelo kukuvumela ukuba ubhale ikhowudi ecocekileyo ngexa usaxhamla ekusebenzeni kwezipaki.

Imigibe eqhelekileyo kunye nendlela yokuyiphepha

Elona gciwane lidume kakubi linxulumene nokupakisha kukuphuphuma kwemfumba - ukunikezelwa kwedatha eninzi kunokuba isipaki sinokugcinwa, ngesiqhelo ngokuphindaphinda okungamiselwanga okanye uluhlu olugqithisileyo lwasekuhlaleni. Kwimeko-bume yemveliso, ukuphuphuma kwesitaki ngokuqhelekileyo kungqubana umsonto okanye inkqubo yonke ngaphandle kwendlela yokubuyisela enobubele. Yiyo loo nto izikhokelo kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza zibeka imida yobungakanani bestake.

Omnye umhadi ofihlakeleyo kukubuyisela izikhombisi okanye iimbekiselo kwidata eyabiweyo. Kuba inkumbulo yesitaki ibangwa kwakhona xa umsebenzi ubuya, nasiphi na isalathisi kuloo nkumbulo siba sisalathiso esijingayo. Kwi-C kunye ne-C ++, oku kukhokelela ekuziphatheni okungachazwanga okunokuthi kubonakale kusebenza ekuvavanyeni kodwa kungaphumeleli ngokukrakra kwimveliso. Umkhangeli we-Rust's borrow ubamba olu didi lwempazamo ngexesha lokuqokelela, nto leyo esesinye isizathu sokuba ulwimi lufumane ukuthambeka kwenkqubo yeenkqubo.

Umba wesithathu ubandakanya ukhuseleko lomsonto. Umsonto ngamnye ufumana isitaki sawo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba idatha eyabiweyo ingumsonto ngokwendalo. Oku kuyinzuzo kwiimeko ezininzi - akukho zitshixo ezifunekayo ukufikelela kwizinto eziguquguqukayo zendawo. Nangona kunjalo, abaphuhlisi ngamanye amaxesha benza impazamo yokuzama ukwabelana ngedatha eyabiweyo phakathi kwemisonto, ekhokelela kwiimeko zobuhlanga okanye ukusetyenziswa emva kwe-bugs. Xa idatha ifuna ukwabelwana ngayo yonke imisonto okanye iqhubeke ngaphaya komnxeba wokusebenza, imfumba lukhetho olufanelekileyo.

Ulwabiwo lweSitaki kwiilwimi kunye neNkqubo-sikhokelo

Iilwimi ezohlukeneyo zokucwangcisa ziphatha unikezelo lwestake ngamaqondo awohlukeneyo okusebenza elubala. Kwi-C kunye ne-C ++, umdwelisi unolawulo olucacileyo: iinguqu zengingqi zihamba kwi-stack, kwaye malloc okanye entsha ibeka idatha kwimfumba. Kwi-Go, umqokeleli wenza uhlalutyo lokubaleka ukuze enze isigqibo ngokuzenzekelayo, kwaye i-goroutines iqala ngezipakisho ezincinci ze-2 KB ezikhula ngokuguqukayo - isisombululo esihle esilungelelanisa ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza. I-PHP, izikhokelo zolwimi ezifana neLaravel, inikezela amaxabiso amaninzi ngokusebenzisa umphathi wememori ye-Zend Engine yangaphakathi, kodwa ukuqonda imigaqo engaphantsi kunceda abaphuhlisi babhale ikhowudi esebenzayo nakwizinga lesicelo.

Kumaqela akha amaqonga antsonkothileyo - njengeqela lobunjineli eMewayz, apho isicelo esinye sinokutyhutyha ingqiqo yeCRM, izibalo ze-invoyisi, ukubalwa kwerhafu yomvuzo, kunye ne-analytics aggregation - ezi zigqibo zomgangatho ophantsi. Xa iimodyuli ze-207 zabelana ngexesha lokuqhuba, ukunciphisa ulwabiwo lwememori yesicelo ngasinye nge-15% inokuguqulela ekunciphiseni okunentsingiselo kwiindleko zeseva kunye nokuphuculwa okunokulinganiswa kumaxesha okuphendula kubasebenzisi bokugqibela abalawula amashishini abo kwiqonga.

I-JavaScript kunye ne-TypeScript, enika amandla amaninzi angaphambili kunye ne-Node.js ngasemva, zithembele ngokupheleleyo kwi-injini ye-V8 yokuqokelela inkunkuma kulawulo lwememori. Abaphuhlisi abanako ukwaba ngokuthe ngqo kwistakhi, kodwa iV8's optimizing compiler (TurboFan) yenza ulwabiwo lwestake ngaphakathi kumaxabiso anokubonisa ukuba ahlala ixesha elifutshane. Ukubhala imisebenzi emincinci, esulungekileyo enezinto eziguquguqukayo zalapha kunika injini elona thuba lilungileyo lokusebenzisa olu lungiso.

Izicwangciso-qhinga eziSebenzayo zokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwemfumba

Nokuba usebenza kulwimi olukwinqanaba eliphezulu apho ungenakho ukulawula ngokuthe ngqo isitakhi ngokuchasene nolwabiwo lwemfumba, ungasebenzisa iipateni ezinciphisa uxinzelelo lwemfumba olungeyomfuneko kwaye uvumele ixesha lokubaleka lisebenze ngamandla.

1. Khetha iintlobo zexabiso kuneentlobo zereferensi apho ulwimi luzixhasa. Kwi-C #, usebenzisa isakhiwo endaweni ye- iklasi kwizinto ezincinci, ezenziwe rhoqo zigcina kwi-stack. Kwi-Go, ukugqithisa amaqhekeza amancinci ngexabiso kunokuba ngesalathisi kuphumeza umphumo ofanayo.
2. Kuphephe ukwabela ngaphakathi kwiilophu eziqinileyo. Yabela kwangaphambili izithinteli kwaye uzisebenzise kwakhona kuphindaphindo. Ukuba ufuna isilayi sexeshana okanye uluhlu olungaphakathi kwiluphu esebenza amaxesha angama-100,000, yabe kube kanye phambi kweluphu kwaye uyibuyisele kuphindaphindo ngalunye.
3. Sebenzisa ukudityaniswa kwento kwizinto ezisoloko ziyilwa nezitshatyalalisiwe. Iipools zoqhagamshelo lwesiseko sedatha ngumzekelo oqhelekileyo, kodwa ipateni isebenza ngokulinganayo kwizinto zesicelo se-HTTP, izithinteli zolandelelwano, kunye nezakhelo zemeko yokubala.
4. Iprofayile phambi kokulungiswa. Izixhobo ezifana neGo's pprof, Java's async-profiler, okanye i-PHP's Blackfire inokukhomba ngqo apho ulwabiwo lwenzeka khona. Ukuphucula ngaphandle kokwenza iprofayili yedatha kuyingozi kwimizamo yokuchitha kwiindlela ezibandayo ezingafane zisetyenziswe.
5. Xhobisa abanikezeli bebala kwimisebenzi yebhetshi. Xa kusetyenzwa ibhetshi yeerekhodi — ezinjengokwenza ii-invoyisi ezingama-500 okanye ukungenisa ngaphandle abafowunelwa abayi-10,000 — i-arena eyabiwayo ibamba ibhloko enye enkulu yenkumbulo kwaye iyipasele ngaphandle ngesantya esifana nesipaki, emva koko ikhulule ibhloko yonke ngaxeshanye xa ibhetshi igqibile.

   Ezi zicwangciso azikho nje ithiyori. Xa iiplatifomu ze-SaaS zisingatha imithwalo yemisebenzi yehlabathi yokwenene - umnini-shishini omncinci ovelisa ii-invoyisi zenyanga, umphathi we-HR oqhuba umvuzo wabasebenzi be-200, iqela lokuthengisa elihlalutya umkhankaso wokusebenza kuwo wonke amajelo - umphumo oqokelelweyo wolawulo lwememori olusebenzayo luyi-snappier, amava aphendulayo ngakumbi abasebenzisi abavakalelwa ngayo nokuba abazange bacinge malunga nento eyenzekayo ngaphantsi

   Ulwakhiwo lweSoftware yokuSebenza-Ingqiqo kwiSikali

   Ulwabiwo lwesitaki liqhekeza elinye lephazili enkulu yokusebenza, kodwa isisiseko. Ukuqonda indlela imemori esebenza ngayo kwelona nqanaba lisezantsi linika iinjineli iimodeli zengqondo ezizifunayo ukwenza izigqibo ezingcono kumaleko ngamnye we-stack - ukusuka ekukhetheni izakhiwo zedatha kunye nokuyila ii-APIs kuqwalaselo lweziseko ezingundoqo kunye nokumisela imida yemithombo yeenkonzo ezigciniweyo.

   Amashishini athembele kwiiplatifomu ezifana neMewayz ukuba aqhube imisebenzi yabo yemihla ngemihla, intlawulo yezi zigqibo zobunjineli ibonakala: imithwalo yephepha ekhawulezayo, ukusebenzisana okulula, kunye nokuzithemba ukuba inkqubo ayiyi kuncipha phantsi komthwalo ophezulu. Xa imodyuli yokubhukisha ifuna ukujonga ukufumaneka kwiikhalenda ezininzi ngexesha lokwenyani, okanye ideshibhodi yohlalutyo idibanisa idatha kwiiyunithi zoshishino ezininzi, isicwangciso senkumbulo esisisiseko sibaluleke ngaphezu kokuba uninzi lwabasebenzisi baya kuze baqonde.

   Eyona software ingcono ivakala ingasebenzi kakuhle ukusetyenzwa kuba abadali bayo babila iinkcukacha ezihlala zingabonakali. Ulwabiwo lwestack — olukhawulezayo, oluqinisekileyo, kunye nobuhle ngobulula balo — yenye yezo nkcukacha ezifanele ukuqondwa nzulu, nokuba ubhala inkqubo yakho yokuqala okanye uyila iqonga elinceda amawakawaka amashishini kwihlabathi liphela.

   Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo

   Yintoni ulwabiwo lwesitaki kwaye kutheni ibalulekile?

   Ulwabiwo lwesitaki sisicwangciso solawulo lwenkumbulo apho idatha igcinwa kwindawo yokugqibela, yokuqala-ngaphandle kwesakhiwo esilawulwa ngokuzenzekelayo yinkqubo yokwenziwa kokuhamba. Ibalulekile kuba inkumbulo eyabelwe isitaki ikhawuleza kakhulu kunolwabiwo lwemfumba - akukho mqokeleli wenkunkuma ngaphezulu, akukho kuqhekeka, kwaye ukuhanjiswa kwenzeka ngoko nangoko xa umsebenzi ubuya. Kwizicelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni, ukuqonda ukwabiwa kwezitaki kunokunciphisa kakhulu ukulibaziseka kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza.

   Kufuneka ndisebenzise nini ulwabiwo lwemfumba phezu kolwabiwo lwemfumba?

   Sebenzisa ulwabiwo lwesitaki kwizinto ezincinci, ezihlala ixesha elifutshane ezinobungakanani obaziwayo ngexesha lokudibanisa - njengee-real integers, ii-structs, kunye nobukhulu obusisigxina uluhlu. Ulwabiwo lwemfumba lufaneleke ngcono kulwakhiwo lwedatha enkulu, ingqokelela ezinobungakanani obuguquguqukayo, okanye izinto ezifuna ukuphila ngaphandle komsebenzi ozenzileyo. Umgaqo ongundoqo: ukuba ixesha lokuphila kwedatha lihambelana nomda womsebenzi kwaye ubungakanani bayo bunokuqikelelwa, isitakhi sisoloko silukhetho olukhawulezayo.

   Ingaba iimpazamo zokuphuphuma kwemfumba zinokuthintelwa kwizicelo zemveliso?

   Ewe, iimpazamo zokuphuphuma kwemfumba ziyathinteleka ngezenzo zobunjineli eziqeqeshekileyo. Kuphephe ukuphindaphindeka okunzulu okanye okungakhawulelwanga, nciphisa ulwabiwo oluguquguqukayo lwendawo enkulu, kwaye usebenzise i-algorithms ephindaphindwayo apho kunokwenzeka. Uninzi lweelwimi kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza zikuvumela ukuba uqwalasele ubungakanani bobungakanani bemida. Izixhobo zokubeka iliso kunye nezisombululo zeqonga ezifana Mewayz, i-OS yemodyuli engama-207 eqala kwi-$19/mo, inokunceda amaqela alandelele impilo yesicelo kunye nokubamba ukwehla kokusebenza kwangoko.

   Ingaba iilwimi zanamhlanje zisaxhamla kulwabiwo lwestaki?

   Ngokuqinisekileyo. Nditsho neelwimi ezinamaxesha okusebenza alawulwayo - njengeGo, Rust, C#, kunye neJava - sebenzisa uhlalutyo lokubaleka ukufumanisa ukuba izinto eziguquguqukayo zingabiwa endaweni yokwabiwa kwemfumba. Umhlwa unyanzelisa ulwabiwo lwe-stack-first ngokusebenzisa imodeli yobunini bayo, kwaye umqokeleli weGo uyayilungiselela ngamandla. Ukuqonda obu buxhakaxhaka kunceda abaphuhlisi babhale ikhowudi abaqulunqi banokuyiphucula ngokufanelekileyo, okukhokelela ekusetyenzisweni kwememori ephantsi kunye namaxesha okwenziwa ngokukhawuleza.