Iindleko zokungena kwindlela eRust

Ixabiso lokutsalwa: Ukuqonda i-Indection kwi-Rust

Irust lulwimi olwakhelwe phezu kwesithembiso esinamandla: i-zero-cost abstractions. Ivumela abaphuhlisi ukuba babhale umgangatho ophezulu, ukhuselekile, kunye nekhowudi ecacileyo ngaphandle kokuhlawula isohlwayo sokusebenza ngexesha lokusebenza. Le filosofi ingundoqo wokuba kutheni iRust igqwesa kwiinkqubo zenkqubo, ukusuka kwiinkqubo zokusebenza ukuya kwiinjini zomdlalo. Nangona kunjalo, ingqikelelo "yendlela yokungaqondi" ihleli kwindawo enomdla yokudibana kuyilo lweRust. Ngelixa isoloko ibalulekile kubhetyebhetye kunye nokhuseleko, ulwalathiso alusoloko lunexabiso elingunothi, kwaye ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwalo kunokutshabalalisa umsebenzi odume ngawo iRust. Kumaqonga afana ne-Mewayz, imodyuli ye-OS yeshishini apho ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kobutyebi obuqikelelwayo kubaluleke kakhulu, ukuqonda eli xabiso akusiyo imfundo-kubalulekile ekwakheni ingqiqo yeshishini eyomeleleyo, enokunyuka.

Yintoni i-Indiraction kwaye Kutheni Siyifuna?

I-Indirection bubuchule bokwenza inkqubo apho ubhekisa into hayi ngokuthe ngqo, kodwa ngokusebenzisa umaleko ophakathi. KwiRust, ezona fom zixhaphakileyo zizalathisi, iimbekiselo, izinto zophawu, kunye nezalathi ezikrelekrele ezifana `neBhokisi`, `Rc`, okanye `Arc`. Ezi zixhobo ziyimfuneko. Bavumela ukuziphatha okuguquguqukayo, ulwabiwo lwemfumba, ubunini ekwabelwana ngaso, kunye ne-polymorphism. Umzekelo, i `Vec>` ikuvumela ukuba ugcine ingqokelela yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo ezithi zonke ziphumeze uphawu lwe `Zoba`, ipateni eqhelekileyo kwiinkqubo ze-UI okanye iiplagi zezakhiwo. Ngaphandle kolwalathiso, ukubhala okubhetyebhetye, ikhowudi yeemodyuli kuya kuba nzima kakhulu.

"I-Abstraction bubugcisa bokufihla ubunzima, kwaye ukungahambi kakuhle kusona sixhobo sayo esiphambili. Kwi-Rust, umngeni kukusebenzisa esi sixhobo ngaphandle kokuvumela ukuba iindleko ze-abstraction zibe yirhafu yexesha."

Irhafu Yokusebenza Efihliweyo

Ngelixa i-abstraction ihlala "i-zero-cost" ngokwemigaqo yento onokuyibhala ngesandla, i-indirection ngokwayo yazisa i-overhead ebonakalayo. Ezi ndleko zibonakala kwiindawo ezininzi eziphambili:

• UFikelelo lweMemori (I-Cache iphosakele): Ukulandela isalathisi kufuna ukutsibela kwidilesi yememori eyahlukileyo. Oku kunokoyisa ukuthathwa kwangaphambili kwe-CPU cache, okukhokelela kufundo olucotha kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nedatha edibeneyo, engaphakathi.
• I-Dynamic Dispatch: Izinto ze-Trait (`dyn Trait`) sebenzisa iitheyibhile ezibonakalayo (vtables) ukusombulula iminxeba yendlela ngexesha lokusebenza. Oku kongeza i-overhead encinci ye-pointer lookup kwaye inqande i-compiler inlining, enokuthi ibe ngumbulali omkhulu wokuphucula i-loops eshushu.
• Ulwabiwo lwemfumba: Iindidi ezifana `neBhokisi` zithetha ulwabiwo lwemfumba, oluyiodolo yobukhulu ecothayo kunolwabiwo lwemfumba kwaye yongeza uxinzelelo kumabi.
• Amatyathanga e-Indirection: Iileya ezininzi zendlela engalunganga (umzekelo, `Ibhokisi` equlethe `i-Rc` kwisakhiwo esine `Vec` yezinto zeempawu) ezidibanisa ezi ndleko, zenza iindlela zokufikelela kwidatha zicothe kwaye zingalindelekanga.

Kwi-OS yeshishini elifana ne-Mewayz, apho iimodyuli zidinga ukucubungula imilambo yedatha, ukulawula ukuhamba komsebenzi, kunye nokuphendula kwiziganeko ezine-latency ephantsi, ezi ndleko ezincinci zinokudibanisa kwi-macro-level lag, echaphazela yonke into ukusuka kwisizukulwana sengxelo ukuya kuhlaziyo lwedeshibhodi yexesha langempela.

Amacebo okuNciphisa kwiKhowudi Yakho

Injongo ayikokususa ukungaqondi kakuhle—akunakwenzeka okanye kunqweneleka—kodwa kukusebenzisa ngobulumko. Nazi izicwangciso eziphambili:

Okokuqala, khetha amayeza enziwe afana nalawo aveliswe ngabenzi kuneempawu zeempawu apho kunokwenzeka. Iigenerics zisebenzisa i-monomorphization, ukudala ikhowudi eyahlukileyo, ephuculweyo yohlobo ngalunye lwekhonkrithi ngexesha lokuqokelela. Oku kugcina ukuthunyelwa okumileyo kwaye kwenza ukuba kufakwe ngaphakathi. Okwesibini,Yamkela uyilo olujolise kwidatha. Gcina idatha kwi-contiguous, i-cache-friendly arrays (`Vec`) kunengqokelela edityanisiweyo yeebhokisi. Inkqubo yedatha kwiibhetshi, hayi ngekhonkco leefowuni zenyani. Okwesithathu, iprofayile ngokungenasiphelo. Sebenzisa izixhobo ezinjenge `cargo flamegraph` ukuchonga ukuba indirection yeyona ndawo ingumqobo; rhoqo, ixabiso alihoywa de ibekwindlela ebalulekileyo.

Ukwakha iNkqubo yeModyuli eNcimekileyo ngeMewayz

Oku kuqondwa kancinci kweendleko ngokuchasene nokuguquguquka kwazisa ngqo uyilo lweqonga elifana neMewayz. Xa kuyilwa imodyuli ye-Mewayz OS, abaphuhlisi bakhuthazwa ukuba basebenzise i-generics kunye ne-static dispatch ye-core, i-interfaces-sensitive interfaces-ezifana nemibhobho yokuguqulwa kwedatha okanye iinjini zokubala. Okwangoku, izinto zeempawu kunye nokulayishwa okuguquguqukayo kuhlala kugqibelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu, iinkqubo zeplugin ezandiswa ngumsebenzisi apho ukuguquguquka kuyimfuno ephambili. Ngokwenza ukhetho ngabom malunga nokwalathiswa, iimodyuli zeMewayz zinokuzisa amashishini anamandla okutsalwa afunayo ngaphandle kokuncama ukusebenza okuqinisekileyo abaxhomekeke kuwo. Isiphumo yi-OS yeshishini lemodyuli esebenzayo kwaye esebenzayo ngokwendalo, apho iindleko zokuthatha izinto zihlala zilutyalo-mali oluqaphelayo, hayi umrhumo ofihliweyo.

Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo

Ixabiso lokutsalwa: Ukuqonda i-Indection kwi-Rust

Irust lulwimi olwakhelwe phezu kwesithembiso esinamandla: i-zero-cost abstractions. Ivumela abaphuhlisi ukuba babhale umgangatho ophezulu, ukhuselekile, kunye nekhowudi ecacileyo ngaphandle kokuhlawula isohlwayo sokusebenza ngexesha lokusebenza. Le filosofi ingundoqo wokuba kutheni iRust igqwesa kwiinkqubo zenkqubo, ukusuka kwiinkqubo zokusebenza ukuya kwiinjini zomdlalo. Nangona kunjalo, ingqikelelo "yendlela yokungaqondi" ihleli kwindawo enomdla yokudibana kuyilo lweRust. Ngelixa isoloko ibalulekile kubhetyebhetye kunye nokhuseleko, ulwalathiso alusoloko lunexabiso elingunothi, kwaye ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwalo kunokutshabalalisa umsebenzi odume ngawo iRust. Kumaqonga afana ne-Mewayz, imodyuli ye-OS yeshishini apho ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kobutyebi obuqikelelwayo kubaluleke kakhulu, ukuqonda eli xabiso akuyomfundo—kubalulekile ekwakheni uqilima, ubuqili boshishino.

Yintoni i-Indiraction kwaye Kutheni Siyifuna?

I-Indirection bubuchule bokwenza inkqubo apho ubhekisa into hayi ngokuthe ngqo, kodwa ngokusebenzisa umaleko ophakathi. KwiRust, ezona fom zixhaphakileyo zizalathisi, iimbekiselo, izinto zophawu, kunye nezalathi ezikrelekrele ezifana `neBhokisi`, `Rc`, okanye `Arc`. Ezi zixhobo ziyimfuneko. Bavumela ukuziphatha okuguquguqukayo, ulwabiwo lwemfumba, ubunini ekwabelwana ngaso, kunye ne-polymorphism. Umzekelo, i `Vec` ikuvumela ukuba ugcine ingqokelela yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo ezithi zonke ziphumeze uphawu lwe `Zoba`, ipateni eqhelekileyo kwiinkqubo ze-UI okanye iiplagi ze-architecture. Ngaphandle kolwalathiso, ukubhala okubhetyebhetye, ikhowudi yeemodyuli kuya kuba nzima kakhulu.

Irhafu Yokusebenza Efihliweyo

Ngelixa i-abstraction ihlala "i-zero-cost" malunga nento onokuyibhala ngesandla, i-indirection ngokwayo yazisa phezulu okubambekayo. Ezi ndleko zibonakala kwiindawo ezininzi eziphambili:

Amacebo okuNciphisa kwiKhowudi Yakho

Injongo ayikokususa inzala-ndlela—ayikokwenzeka okanye ayinqweneleki—kodwa kukuyisebenzisa ngobulumko. Nazi izicwangciso eziphambili:

Ukwakha iNkqubo yeModyuli eNcimekileyo ngeMewayz

Oku kuqondwa kancinci kweendleko ngokuchasene nokuguquguquka kwazisa ngqo uyilo lweqonga elifana neMewayz. Xa kuyilwa imodyuli yeMewayz OS, abaphuhlisi bayakhuthazwa ukuba basebenzise iigenerics kunye nokuhanjiswa okungatshintshiyo kondoqo, ujongano olunovakalelo lokusebenza—njengemibhobho yokuguqulwa kwedatha okanye iinjini zokubala. Okwangoku, izinto zeempawu kunye nokulayishwa okuguquguqukayo kuhlala kugqibelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu, iinkqubo zeplugin ezandiswa ngumsebenzisi apho ukuguquguquka kuyimfuno ephambili. Ngokwenza ukhetho ngabom malunga nokwalathiswa, iimodyuli zeMewayz zinokuzisa amashishini anamandla okutsalwa afunayo ngaphandle kokuncama ukusebenza okuqinisekileyo abaxhomekeke kuwo. Isiphumo yi-OS yeshishini lemodyuli esebenzayo kwaye esebenzayo ngokwendalo, apho iindleko zokuthatha izinto zihlala zilutyalo-mali oluqaphelayo, hayi umrhumo ofihliweyo.